[5] 参见：Willard, “Uses for Alternative Dispute Resolution: Better Ways to Resolve Some Public Sector Controversies,” 1 Administrative Law Journal, p.479, 493(1987).
[6] 因此，行政过程中的ADR的“替代性”，不仅指对法院诉讼程序的替代，也可能指对正式的行政程序的替代。在很多情况下，行政过程中的ADR主要指非正式行政程序对正式程序的替代。本文也主要在这个情景下讨论ADR问题。
[7] 5. U. S. C. A., 571-583.
[8] 5. U. S. C.
字串8
[9] 从这些内容看，1990年制定的《行政争议解决法》（ADRA）对《联邦行政程序法》（APA）第556（c）作了修正，它与同一年制定的《协商立法法》（Negotiated Rulemaking Act）都被编入《联邦行政程序法》第四章。1992年，《协商立法法》被编入APA第三章，561－569节；而《行政争议解决法》则被编入APA第四章，571－583节。APA原来的第三章被改为第五章，从591节开始。
[10] 参见《联邦登记》。61 Fed.Reg.4729(Feb.5, 1996).
[11] See Thomas F. Gibbons, ADR Use by Government Agencies, Alternative Dispute Resolution Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education, Published in cooperation with the Center for Analysis of Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems， August, 2001.
字串4
[12] See Administrative Conference of the U.S., Recommendation 88-11, Encouraging Settlements by Protecting Mediator Confidentiality, 1C.F.R. s 305.88-11; Administrative Conference of the U.S., Recommendation 87-11, Alternatives for Resolving Government Contract Disputes, 1C.F.R. s 305.87-11; Administrative Conference of the U.S., Recommendation 87-5, Arbitration in Federal Programs, 1C.F.R. s 305.87-5; Administrative Conference of the U.S., Recommendation 86-3, Agencies’ Use of Alternative Means of Dispute Resolution, 1C.F.R. s 305.86-3; Administrative Conference of the U.S., Recommendation 90-2, The Ombudsman in Federal Agencies, 1C.F.R. s 305.90-2
字串8
